The political system of Brazil. Brazil form of government and territorial government structure Form of structure of Brazil
Brazil, like all South American countries, is a presidential republic.
- 1 Constitutional system
- 2 Executive branch
- 2.1 Ministries and government agencies
- 3 Legislative branch
- 4 Judicial branch
- 5 Electoral system
- 6 Notes
- 7 Links
Constitutional system
See also: Constitution of BrazilCurrently, Brazil has a Constitution of 1988, as amended in 1994 and 1997. According to it, Brazil is a democratic state governed by the rule of law, based on the principles of sovereignty, citizenship, human dignity, social values, free enterprise and political pluralism.
Initially, the 1988 Constitution established a temporary form of government in Brazil; according to it, a referendum was scheduled in the country on the form (republic or monarchy) and system of government (presidential or parliamentary). At the plebiscite held on April 21, 1993, the majority of voters voted for a republic (66.1%) with a presidential form of government (56.4%).
Brazil is a federal republic consisting of 26 states and the federal capital of Brasilia. State governments have a similar structure to the federal government and exercise powers contained in state constitutions. The head of the state executive branch is the governor, who is directly elected for a term of 4 years.
The institution of federal intervention in the affairs of the constituent entities of the federation is strictly regulated and is allowed only in cases of violation of the territorial integrity of the state, foreign intervention, conflict between states, non-compliance with public order and financial discipline.
Executive branch
See also: President and Vice President of BrazilThe head of the executive branch and head of state in Brazil is the president. He heads the cabinet of ministers he formed - the Federal Government. The second person of the state is the vice president. The President and Vice-President are elected in general elections for a term of 4 years from among candidates nominated by officially registered political parties and coalitions. To be elected to office, an absolute majority of votes must be collected, and if necessary, a second round of voting is held between the two candidates with the most votes. Since 1997, re-election to a second term has been allowed.
The competence of the President of Brazil includes signing and issuing laws and temporary acts, establishing diplomatic relations and signing international treaties. The President submits development plans and draft budgets to Congress for consideration. The President is also the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and has the right to impose states of emergency and siege, declare war, grant amnesty, and commute sentences.
Ministries and government agencies
- Ministry of External Relations
- Ministry of Mines and Energy
- Electricity Regulatory Agency
- National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels
- Ministry of Civil Aviation
- National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil
- Ministry of Health
- National Health Surveillance Agency
- Ministry of Culture
- Ministry of Science and Technology
- National Atomic Energy Commission
- Ministry of Defence
- Ministry of Education
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Ministry of Communications
- Communications agency
- Ministry of Tourism
- Ministry of Finance
- Administrative Council for Economic Defense of Brazil
- Securities Commission (Brazil)
Legislature
See also: National Congress of BrazilLegislative power in Brazil at the federal level belongs to the bicameral National Congress, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Both chambers have equal powers. Bills approved by Congress are sent to the President for approval; If he refuses to approve the law, congressmen can override the veto by a majority vote at a joint meeting of both houses.
Senators must be at least 35 years old, deputies must be at least 21 years old. The Chamber of Deputies is elected for four years on the basis of universal proportional voting, with voters casting votes not for a party, but for candidates proposed by the parties. The Senate consists of state and federal representatives elected by the people using a majoritarian system. Each federal subject is represented by 3 senators elected for 8 years. Every 4 years, the representation of the subject is renewed by one and two thirds.
Congress has the power to remove the president from office. This requires a two-thirds vote of deputies (if the Supreme Court accuses the president of committing a criminal offense) or senators (if the president fails to fulfill his duties).
Judicial branch
See also: Federal Supreme Court of BrazilThe judicial system in Brazil consists of a vertical of general and special courts. The highest organs of the judiciary are the Federal Supreme Court and the High Court of Justice. The Federal Supreme Court plays the role of a constitutional court: it monitors compliance with the constitution and resolves foreign policy and internal conflicts. The Supreme Court of Justice rules on charges against governors and other state officials, has the power to review decisions of lower courts, and interprets legislation.
In addition, the country has a High Labor Court, a High Electoral Court, a High Court Martial, as well as general and special courts at the state level, local courts and jury trials for criminal cases. The judiciary enjoys administrative and economic autonomy.
Electoral system
Citizens at least 16 years old can vote in elections in Brazil. For all literate citizens between the ages of 18 and 69, participation in elections is strictly mandatory.
Notes
- The Brazilian Constitution in the Law Library.
Links
- Brazil in the Around the World encyclopedia.
| Brazil in topics | ||
|---|---|---|
| Policy | Constitution (history) Political system President (list) Vice-president Parliament Political parties Foreign policy Armed forces | |
| Symbolism | Coat of Arms Flag Hymn Seal Rufous-bellied Thrush Tabebuia Jaguar Our Lady of Aparecida | |
| Geography | Capital Cities Administrative divisions Amazon River | |
| Economy | Currency Industry Agriculture Energy Transport Tourism Foreign trade | |
| Story | Pre-Columbian era Colonial period Empire Old Republic Era of Vargas Second Republic Military dictatorship Modern times | |
| Population | Languages Portuguese Brazilians White Pardu Indians Afro-Brazilians Racial democracy | |
| Culture | Literature Music | |
The political system that emerged after the restoration of civil forms of government in the country was called the New Republic. The Constitution of 1988 (as amended in 1994 and 1997) declared Brazil a democratic state governed by the rule of law, based on the principles of sovereignty, citizenship, human dignity, social values of labor, free enterprise, and political pluralism. A federal presidential republic has been adopted as a model for the territorial and state structure of the country.
Administrative division: 26 states (Acre, Ala Goas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Goias, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para Iba, Para, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Ja Neiro (Rio de Janeiro), Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Ceara, Sergipe, Tocantins , Espi Ritu Santo) and the Metropolitan Federal District.
Largest cities (million people, 2000 census): Sao Paulo (10.4), Rio de Janeiro (5.9), Salvador (2.4), Belo Horizonte (2.2), Fortaleza (2 ,1), Porto Alegre (1.4), Brasilia, Recife (1.4).
Legislative power is exercised by the National Congress, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (513 people in 2003, chairman - J.P. Cunha) and the Federal Senate (81 people, chairman - J. Sarney). The size of the lower house is adjusted depending on population growth. Both chambers have equal powers and control each other. The right to legislative initiative belongs to deputies and senators, the president, the Federal Supreme Court, the highest courts, the prosecutor general and citizens (people's initiative).
The functions of Congress include approving the state budget and controlling federal government spending. The National Congress hears and evaluates the President's annual progress report. Ministers are not held accountable to parliament.
Federal executive power belongs to the president and the cabinet of ministers headed by him. The President independently appoints ministers and dismisses them from their positions, signs and publishes laws, has the right of veto, issues acts that have the force of law, is the supreme commander in chief and has the right, if necessary, to impose a state of emergency and state of siege, to declare war on other states, to pass through the national territory or allow the temporary presence of foreign troops, grant amnesty or commute sentences. The head of state appoints (subject to confirmation by the Senate) the members of the Federal Supreme Court, the attorney general, and the chairman and directors of the central bank. In his work, the president also relies on two advisory bodies - the Council of the Republic (consisting of the vice president, the chairmen of both houses of Congress, the leaders of the parliamentary majority and the opposition in both houses, the minister of justice and 6 prominent citizens) and the Council of National Defense (vice president, Presidents of the Houses, Ministers of Justice, Foreign Affairs, Planning and Ministers of War).
The highest bodies of the judiciary are the Federal Supreme Court (11 people) and the High Court of Justice (33 people). The justice system also includes regional federal judges and federal judges, the High Labor Court (27 people), the Supreme Electoral Court (7 people) and the Supreme Military Tribunal (15 life members representing various branches of the military), state and local courts courts. Jury courts have been established to try criminal offenses.
States have their own Constitutions, legislative assemblies and governors and vice-governors, municipalities have municipal chambers, prefects and vice-prefects.
The electoral system is regulated by the 1988 Constitution (as amended in 1994 and 1997) and the 1997 law. The Basic Law granted the right to vote to illiterates, and the age limit was lowered from 18 to 16 years.
The President, Vice-President, Governors and Vice-Governors are elected in general elections for a term of 4 years on the basis of universal, direct, equal, secret and compulsory suffrage from among candidates nominated by officially registered political parties and coalitions. Elections are held according to a majoritarian system. If necessary, a 2nd round is held, in which the 2 candidates who received the largest number of valid votes take part. The 1997 constitutional amendment allows for the re-election of senior officials for a 2nd term
The Chamber of Deputies is elected by a proportional system using a preferential vote based on unranked party lists, the Federal Senate is elected by a majoritarian system. Each federal subject is represented by 3 senators elected for 8 years. Once every 4 years, the Senate is renewed by 1/3 and 2/3. At the same time as the senator, his 2 deputies are elected. The vacant position of a senator is automatically filled by his deputy.
In accordance with Art. Article 17 of the Constitution proclaims the freedom to create, merge, split and dissolve national political parties, the activities of which must be parliamentary in nature and not financially dependent on foreign states. Party charters are registered by the Supreme Electoral Court; in accordance with the law, they are given access to the state party fund and the right to free use of radio and television. Parties are prohibited from having paramilitary forces. Parties are assigned a monopoly on political representation. The National Congress functions on the basis of parliamentary, rather than party factions; once elected, deputies are not bound by strict party discipline.
The party system is characterized by extreme fragmentation and polarization. More than 40 political parties are registered. The personality of the party leader still plays a key role. Party coalitions are created taking into account opportunistic interests.
Political polarization was to some extent overcome as a result of the presidential and parliamentary elections of 1994 and 1998, which ensured victory for the candidate of the Party of Brazilian Social Democracy F.E. Cardoso. In the 2002 presidential elections in the 1st round (October 6), 46.4% of voters voted for L.I. Lulu da Silva, a trade union leader and one of the leaders of the Workers' Party, which represents both radical left and more moderate social democratic movements. The candidate of the government Party of Brazilian Social Democracy J. Serra received 23.2% of the vote, the representative of the Brazilian Socialist Party A. Garotinho - 17.9% and the representative of the Socialist People's Party S. Gomis - 12%. In the 2nd round L.I. Lula da Silva was supported by 61.3%, and J. Serra - 38.7%. The candidate of the moderate center-right Liberal Party, J. Alencar, was elected vice president.
After the parliamentary elections on October 6, 2002, 11 parties are still represented in the National Congress. In the Chamber of Deputies, in addition to the PT (91 deputies out of 513), relatively strong positions were occupied by both the right and center-right (Liberal Front Party - 84, Brazilian Progressive Party - 49, Brazilian Trabalist Party - 26, Liberal Party - 26), and moderate center and center-left parties (Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement - 75, Party of Brazilian Social Democracy - 70, Democratic Trabalist Party - 21). The presence of left-wing parties is also noticeable: the Brazilian Socialist Party - 22, the Socialist People's Party - 15 and the Communist Party of Brazil - 12 deputies.
After the re-election of 2/3 of the Senate, the strongest positions are occupied by the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (19 senators), the Liberal Front Party (19), the Workers' Party (14) and the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (11).
An important pressure group is the Federation of Industrialists of the State of Sao Paulo and other business organizations, the left wing of the Catholic Church. Extremely radical positions are occupied by the Landless Movement associated with the Working People's Party, and more moderate positions are occupied by the United Trade Union Center of Workers (CUT). Among the elements of civil society, the Committee for the Democratization of Information, the Environmental Defense Group, Ecoforce, human rights and other non-governmental organizations play an important role.
Important changes in domestic policy occurred during the presidency of F.E. Cardoso (1994 - 2002). Significant adjustments were made to the classic neoliberal recipes, in particular, the role of the state was revised, which left the economic sphere and focused on economic regulation, mobilizing resources to achieve priority goals and solving social problems. Privatization has become systemic. The incomes of the least affluent segments of the population have increased somewhat, an administrative reform has been partially carried out aimed at increasing the efficiency of the state apparatus, the Armed Forces have been reduced, and the taxation system has been somewhat simplified. The main political reforms are related to changes in electoral legislation and the re-election of senior officials for the 2nd term. Attention was paid to strengthening the rule of law, in particular to clarifying the fate of those missing during the military regime. At the same time, F.E. Cardoz failed to alleviate the severity of social problems; agrarian reform moved extremely slowly, which provoked unauthorized land seizures. The financial crisis of 1999 showed the need to make adjustments to domestic economic policy. Ultimately, the reforms did not produce the expected results, social disintegration and polarization increased, and privatization was accompanied by widespread corruption.
The unfavorable economic situation and the need to restore the confidence of business circles and part of the middle strata forced the government of L.I. Lula da Silva (since 2003) abandoned the declared radical slogans and largely ensured the continuity of internal policy, which caused disappointment among part of the left electorate and exacerbated internal contradictions in the Workers' Party. The main priorities are accelerating economic growth and curbing inflation while postponing structural reforms, redistributing national income, raising the living standards of the poorest strata, fighting hunger, building cheap housing, agrarian reform, creating new jobs, reforming the social security and tax system, fighting with corruption.
In the field of foreign policy, in 1991 an agreement was signed on the creation of the MERCOSUR integration association (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay). Contradictions with the United States (trade protectionism, B.'s accusations of dumping and violations of intellectual property rights) did not prevent her from supporting the idea of creating an All-American Free Trade Area (ALFA) by 2005. At the same time, B. advocated for a later date for the introduction of ALCA and a softer regime for its technology-intensive industries. B. speaks out for strengthening the legal foundations of international relations when reforming the UN Charter (expanding the number of permanent members of the Security Council, prohibiting the use of force unauthorized by the Security Council and so-called humanitarian interventions). Brazil acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1998) and the Missile Technology Non-Proliferation Control Regime. Russian-Brazilian ties were marked by the signing of a joint political declaration and an agreement on military-technical cooperation (1997), the creation of a mixed bilateral trade commission (1997), and visits to Moscow by Vice President J. Maciel (2000) and President F. E. Cardoso (2002). President L.I. Lula da Silva fulfills all international obligations of B. Foreign policy priorities include the creation of a Latin American bloc based on MERCOSUR and the intensification of cooperation between the “giant countries” (China, India, the Russian Federation).
The armed forces consist of the army (Ground Forces), Air Force, Navy and Federal Police. They are recruited on the basis of universal military service. Military expenditures amount to $13.4 billion (1.9% of GDP).
B. has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established with the Russian Empire in 1828, with the USSR in April 1945, severed in October 1947, restored in November 1961).
Brazil. Federative Republic of Brazil. State in South America. The form of government is a presidential republic. The capital is Brasilia. Population - 95% - Brazilians. The official language is Portuguese. The dominant religion is Catholicism. President - Dilma Rousseff. Vice President - Michel Temer. Monetary unit - Brazilian real Brazil is the largest state in terms of area and population in South America and the only Portuguese-speaking one on the American continents. The first Europeans entered Brazil in 1500; until the beginning of the 19th century. The country was a colony of Portugal. In 1822 it was proclaimed an independent empire, in 1889 - a republic.
At the very beginning of the 19th century. (in 1822) a large state was formed in South America - the Brazilian Empire. When Napoleon came to power in Portugal, the king and his family were forced to leave their country and go to their own colony - Brazil. As a result, Brazil began to be considered a dominion: although it retained its dependence on Portugal, it received self-government. After Napoleon's expulsion from Portugal and the king's return to Europe, Brazil gained final independence from the European state and became a monarchical empire. For more than 60 years, the Brazilian Empire was ruled by the heir of the Portuguese king, as well as his son. In 1889, a revolution took place in the empire, as a result of which the Republicans came to power. From that time on, Brazil became a republic.
Political system. Brazil is a federal republic with a multi-party political system. According to the Constitution, the head of the executive branch is the President, who is elected for a term of 4 years with the right of subsequent re-election. The highest legislative body is the National Congress (parliament), consisting of two chambers: the federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The President, senators, state representatives and officials, city mayors and heads of municipalities are appointed through democratic elections. Administratively, Brazil is divided into 26 states and the Federal District with the capital of the state - the city of Brasilia. Legislative power in Brazil is exercised by the National Congress, but the president has the right to legislate without consulting Congress, interfere in the affairs of state government, declare a state of siege in the country, and other powers usually included in the functions of parliament.
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff Dilma Rousseff is the first female president in Brazilian history. As a candidate of the center-left Workers' Party (PT) and successor to President Lula, she won the 2010 elections in the second round. Dilma Rousseff is an economist by profession and graduated from the Federal. The biography of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff is very interesting: it is a rich history of the struggle against the military dictatorship in the country () and for the establishment of a democratic regime. When a military coup took place and a dictatorship was established (1964), Dilma Rousseff, passionate about socialist ideals, joined the ranks of organizations engaged in armed struggle against the military dictatorship. She was arrested and spent 3 years in prison, where she was tortured. After re-democratization (1985), Dilma Rousseff held public positions in the government of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, then in the Federal Government, already in the era of Lula (). As President of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff continued the policies of her predecessor Lula da Silva, giving priority to the social sector and the fight against poverty in Brazil (her government's motto is "Brazil: a rich country is a country without poverty"). "Brazil: a rich country is a country where there is no poverty"
Michel Temer Brazilian statesman and politician, lawyer, Doctor of Law, Vice President of Brazil since January 1, 2011 (under President Dilma Rousseff), the second most important official in the Brazilian executive branch. The vice president replaces the president if the latter is unable to perform his duties, and takes his post while it is vacant. Chairman of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party.
Parties. "Liberal Front" party founded in 1984. In 1985, she teamed up with the Democratic Alliance to support presidential candidate Tancreda de Almeida Neves. Brazil's largest liberal party adheres to the ideology of "liberal socialism". The party's ideological positions are currently being updated.
The BRAZILIAN DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT PARTY (MBDM) was created in July 1981 on the basis of the BMM (formed in 1966). PBDD is the ruling party of the Democratic Alliance, which achieved the election of a civilian president and formed a transitional government. In the socio-economic field, the PBDD demands the eradication of poverty, the equitable distribution of national income, the implementation of agrarian reform, the establishment of free education, control over foreign capital, and ensuring broad participation of the masses in political life. Politically, the PBDD aims to fight for a representative popular sovereign regime; free, direct, secret voting for nomination to all elective positions; political, ideological, cultural and religious freedom; democratic control over all forms of government; independent foreign policy. The National Executive Commission is headed by Ulisis Guimarães.
Party of Brazilian Social Democracy (PBSD); Founded in 1988 as a result of a split within the Brazilian Democratic Movement. The party also included members of the Liberal Front and the Brazilian Workers' Party. The new party made policy statements about the need for land reform, environmental protection, and demands for social justice. The party declared the need to hold a referendum on the introduction of a parliamentary form of government in Brazil. In 1994 and 1998, the PBSD also acted as part of a coalition, supporting Cardoso's candidacy in the presidential elections. In the parliamentary elections in 2002 and 2006, the party took third place.
Workers' Party (PT); Founded in 1980, it is the political wing of the country's trade union movement. Brazilian President Lula da Silva is one of its founders. There are a significant number of factions within the party: from Marxists to social liberals. It arose during the uprisings of the working class of the largest industrial centers of the country in January 1980. The PT advocates deep political transformations of society, democratization of the economy and state structure, broad participation of the people in solving public issues, proclaims the creation of an “equal society without exploiters and exploited,” but does not talk about ways to achieve it. Leader Luiz Inacio da Silva. Since January 1, 2011, Dilma Rousseff has been a member of the left-wing Workers' Party.
THE LIBERAL FRONT PARTY (PLF) was created in December 1984 by a group of political figures who left the ruling Social Democratic Party. The PLF is the second most important party in the Democratic Alliance, which achieved the election of a civilian president and formed a transitional government. The bourgeois party, uniting representatives of the country's ruling circles striving to establish a bourgeois-democratic order, advocates the convening of a constituent assembly and the development of a new constitution. Leader L. Chaves.
Green Party of Brazil (Greens) The party is relatively popular and is considered a "middle-ranking party". In the 2006 elections, the party won 13 seats in parliament out of 513 seats. The party fights for the environment, human rights, federalism, civil liberties and the legalization of marijuana. Marijuana Party was founded in 1986. One of the founders of the party was Carlos Mintz, now Brazil's Minister of Environment. 1986 Carlos Mintz In the 2010 presidential elections, the party's candidate Marina Silva received 19.4% of the vote in the first round (mainly in large cities in the center of the country). presidential elections Marina Silva
Economy. Brazil is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of GDP. Brazil is a major supplier of strategic raw materials to the world market: niobium and beryllium ores, tantalum, zirconium, mica, and crystalline quartz. Hydropower has been developed. Brazil is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of iron and steel smelting. The leading branches of the manufacturing industry are mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, food-flavoring, light, pulp and paper and construction materials industries. The most developed transport engineering industry, including shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing (production of passenger aircraft. The production of computer equipment and its components is developing very dynamically. Brazil is a large manufacturer and exporter of weapons. Agriculture is an important sector of the country’s economy, has a pronounced export orientation. 6 are used .0% of the country's territory, meadows and pastures occupy 21.9%, forests 57.7%. Large landownership predominates. The leading industry is crop production. Brazil is the world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and sugar cane, as well as one of the world's leading producers and exporters of cocoa beans, soybeans, oranges and bananas. Developed fruit and vegetable growing. Livestock farming. Developed horse breeding. Sea and river fishing
Brazil has become a participant in a number of international organizations and associations, both regional and global. In Latin America, the country plays a leading role in MERCOSUR and UNASUR, on the wider world stage it has entered the BRIC, the G20, and is an influential member of the Ibero-American Community of Nations and the Commonwealth of Portuguese-speaking Countries. In 2007, Brazil was the first Latin American country to establish Strategic Association relations with the European Union and transformed contacts with EU leaders into regular high-level consultations on current international issues. (The fourth Brazil-EU summit was held in the Brazilian capital in July 2010, at which the parties agreed on joint economic activities on the African continent).
MERCOSUR (Mercado Comu"n del Cono Sur - MERCOSUR) is a subregional trade and economic union, which includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Associate members are Bolivia and Chile. UNASUR. Union of South American Nations is a regional political and economic organization of the states of South America , created on December 8, 2004. UNASUR includes 12 countries in the region Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Chile and Ecuador.The union was created in December 2004. The country was among the top five world manufacturers of weapons and military equipment, became a regional leader in the production of weapons systems, part of which was exported to developing countries in Latin America, Africa and the Middle East.120 industrial enterprises and design institutes worked for defense, employing over 30 thousand people.
Foreign policy. Brazil has great political and economic influence in Latin America and is also an important player on the world stage. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for its foreign policy. Brazil's policies pose strong competition to the United States in its relations with other Latin American countries. Brazil participates in multilateral diplomacy within the Organization of American States and the United Nations, and improves ties with developing countries in Africa and Asia.
Russian-Brazilian relations (Port. relações entre Brasil e Rússia) are traditionally close, characterized by important cooperation in trade, military and technological sectors. Nowadays, Brazil is an important partner of the Russian Federation with common interests in space technology, military equipment, communications technology and other segments. Brazil was the first Latin American state with which Russia established diplomatic relations, due to the fact that Brazil was then a monarchy. port. Russian-Brazilian high-level commission on cooperation. The commission was created in 1997. It includes: the intergovernmental Russian-Brazilian commission on trade, economic and scientific-technical cooperation (IPC), the commission on political issues (Political Commission). The fourth meeting of the Commission took place in 2006. The fifth was held on May 17, 2011 under the chairmanship of Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and Brazilian Vice President Michel Temer on May 17
Draft laws by popular initiative are submitted to the Chamber of Deputies by at least 1/100 of the national electorate, simultaneously representing at least 5 states. The discussion and voting of bills initiated by the President of the Republic, the Federal Supreme Court and the higher courts begins in the Chamber of Deputies. A bill approved by one of the chambers is considered by the other chamber and, if approved, is sent for promulgation, and if rejected, it is rejected. If the bill is amended, it is returned to the original chamber. After the adoption of a law, it can be appealed on grounds of unconstitutionality, and the President of the Republic has the right of veto, which he uses within 15 days before promulgation.
Government and political system of Brazil
Federal legislative power is exercised jointly by the King, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The King has executive power within the limits defined by the Constitution. The competence of the federal legislature includes the granting of naturalization, legislation concerning the civil and criminal liability of the ministers of the King; state budgets and accounts; definition of the army contingent.
The Belgian Constitution contains a special section on Competence. Thus, it is clear that, when speaking about the delimitation of jurisdiction between the federation and its subjects, the term “competence” cannot be used instead of the term “subjects of jurisdiction.” Competence is a property inherent only to a government body.
The state has another property - sovereignty.
Government system of Brazil
The formation of our own national law took a very long period. In 1850, the Commercial Code (TC) of Brazil was adopted, and in 1857, the “Compilation of Civil Laws” was compiled, which also included colonial legislation. The first Civil Code of Brazil was adopted only in 1916 (came into force on January 1, 1917).
The liberal Constitution of 1891 established a presidential form of government and a federal structure in Brazil. Major changes in Brazil's legal system occurred with the coming to power of the national reformist government.
Brazil
Attention
The President, Vice-President, Governors and Vice-Governors are elected in general elections for a term of 4 years on the basis of universal, direct, equal, secret and compulsory suffrage from among candidates nominated by officially registered political parties and coalitions. Elections are held according to a majoritarian system. If necessary, a 2nd round is held, in which the 2 candidates who received the largest number of valid votes take part. The 1997 constitutional amendment allows for the re-election of senior officials for a 2nd term. The Chamber of Deputies is elected by a proportional system using a preferential vote based on unranked party lists, the Federal Senate is elected by a majoritarian system.
Each federal subject is represented by 3 senators elected for 8 years. Once every 4 years, the Senate is renewed by 1/3 and 2/3.
Introduction
Independence The desire to defend political independence appeared in Brazil at the beginning of the 18th century, during the colonial era. At that time, Portugal was the dominant party, and England remained the main consumer of goods produced in the Portuguese colony. In 1808, Napoleon began a war of conquest against Portugal, as a result of which the Portuguese king Don Juan VI and his court moved to Rio de Janeiro.
The king's stay in Brazil allowed her to bring independence closer. Already in 1815, Brazil's colonial status was abolished, and it became part of the United Kingdom on equal rights with Portugal.
State system of Brazil 2014
A year after this, in 1889, the Republic of Brazil was proclaimed. In 1930, Getulio Vargas became the President of Brazil, who then introduced personal rule in the country - a dictatorship. In 1954, senior officers of the Brazilian army carried out a political armed coup, and Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco actually came to power.
Brazil is now the political and economic leader in South America. Modern Brazilian society was formed as a result of the fusion of representatives of many cultures. This is why Brazilian culture is so diverse and interesting.
Important
Capoeira, one of the most beautiful martial arts in the world, was born in Brazil. Capoeira emerged among black slaves as a response to cruelty at the hands of white planters. Another characteristic feature of Brazilian culture is the samba dance.
State and political structure of Brazil.
The Supreme Court of Justice rules on charges against governors and other state officials, has the power to review decisions of lower courts, and interprets legislation. In addition, the country has a High Labor Court, a High Electoral Court, a High Court Martial, as well as general and special courts at the state level, local courts and jury trials for criminal cases. The judiciary enjoys administrative and economic autonomy.
Citizens at least 16 years old can vote in elections in Brazil. For all literate citizens between the ages of 18 and 69, participation in elections is strictly mandatory.
Political system of Brazil
Unlike most other countries in the region, uncodified colonial legislation continued to apply here for almost a hundred years after independence. The latter was included in the “Compilation of Civil Laws” prepared in 1857. It was reprinted several times and was used until the First World War.
The draft Brazilian Civil Code, which was compiled by Augusto Teixera Freitas in 1856-1865, became one of the most significant milestones in the codification of Latin American civil law. Although the Civil Code was not adopted either in Brazil or in any other country in the region, it contained a number of ideas that were several decades ahead of ideas about civil codification, including in European countries.
Political structure
The Constitution excluded some provisions that established differences between national and foreign capital and denied the latter access to a number of sectors of the Brazilian economy (oil and mining, industry, telecommunications, inland transport). Labor legislation in Brazil dates back to the early 1930s. during the reign of President Vargas, who tried to take control of the labor movement. Under the 1931 Law, he prohibited trade unions from engaging in political activities.
Progressive trade unions were persecuted. Measures were taken to create “corporate” trade unions (with the participation of entrepreneurs). At the same time, the Vargas government made some concessions to workers. In 1932, it passed the 8-Hour Day Law.
Agricultural colonies were created for the unemployed. In 1943, the Labor Code (consolidated labor law) was adopted.
State structure of Brazil briefly
Both the structure and the content of the Civil Code of Brazil were strongly influenced by the German Civil Code (GGU) of 1896. Initially, the wife under the Civil Code was considered as a simple continuation of the husband, who, in accordance with Romanesque traditions, had sole power in the family. Family law was heavily influenced by the Catholic Church.
Divorce in Brazil was allowed only in 1977. The 1988 Constitution equalized the rights of spouses and recognized the equal status of children born within and outside of marriage. According to Article 226 of the Constitution, a church wedding has the force of a civil act. A civil marriage can be dissolved after legal separation (separation) for more than 1 year in cases provided for by law, and after actual separation for more than 2 years. If not included in the marriage contract indications on the regime of property of spouses, the regime of community is considered chosen (Article 258 of the Civil Code).
Question 56. Form of government and state regime in Brazil, formation and interaction of higher government bodies.
Brazil is a federal republic with a presidential system of government, administratively divided into 26 states and the Federal District.
The system of central government authorities in Brazil is based on the principle of separation of powers with a noticeable influence of US institutions. In all Latin American countries, including Brazil, the president is vested with significantly greater powers than their equivalent in the United States.
Parliament - the National Congress - includes two chambers: the Chamber of Deputies, which is the body of national representation, and the Federal Senate, the chamber of representation of the constituent entities of the federation. Each Congressional Legislature lasts four years. In general, Congress has the traditional powers of parliaments. The legislative sovereignty of the National Congress is to some extent undermined by the fact that in cases of urgency and importance of action, the President of the Republic can issue acts of a temporary nature having the force of law with immediate notification of the National Congress; the latter, if not sitting, meets for an emergency session within five days. Acts of the President require the approval of both chambers; If the project is not accepted by one of the chambers, then it is considered rejected. Draft delegating laws are presented by the President of the Republic. The National Congress exercises control over direct and “indirect” (indirect) governing bodies (Article 70 of the 1988 Constitution). The Audit Tribunal (Tribunal de Contas) assists Congress in exercising its control powers.
Executive power at the federal level is exercised in Brazil by the President of the Republic. The President is the central figure in the state mechanism; he is the political leader of the country. If the post of the President becomes vacant or obstacles arise in the performance of his duties, then they are performed by the vice president, and if the above circumstances arise in relation to the president and vice president at the same time, then the post of head of state is filled in the following sequence - chairman of the Chamber of Deputies, chairman Federal Senate and President of the Federal Supreme Court. In accordance with the Latin American concept of law, the President of the Republic is vested with very broad powers. The President of the Republic has the very important right to decree a state of defense, to impose a state of siege and a state of federal intervention, and to implement government measures when introducing these provisions. The President has the power to veto laws passed by Congress
The functions of government ministers (who may be Brazilian citizens over 21 years of age and enjoying political rights) include the administration of the relevant federal departments under the leadership of the President of the Republic, as well as the implementation of laws, decrees and regulations.
Question 57. Brazilian federalism and local government.
Territorially, Brazil is divided into states (25 in total), the Federal District, in which the capital of the country is located, and municipalities. In addition, the federation includes three federal territories subordinate to the central government. With the adoption of the 1988 constitution, the territorial structure was somewhat reorganized, in particular, the federal territories of Roraima and Amapa acquired state status.
The exclusive competence of the Union includes a long list of issues contained in Article 22 of the constitution, which includes 24 points. The Constitution (Article 23) established the joint sphere of competence of the Union, the states and municipalities and the Federal District, the distribution of which, or rather the cooperation in which, is again transferred to the jurisdiction of the complementary law. The scope of such competence includes monitoring compliance with the constitution, laws and existing democratic institutions, protecting sights of historical, artistic and cultural value, monuments, natural landscapes, preserving forest wealth, fauna and flora, etc. Finally, the third sphere of competence established by the main law - the competing competence of the Union, states and the federal district, which, in particular, includes labor, correctional, economic and urban planning law, some budgetary issues, education, culture, training and sports, protection of youth, etc. In this area, the federation establishes only general principles, and detailed regulation is the responsibility of states and local governments.
The states, in principle, have competence that has not been transferred to the central government (Article 25 No. 1), i.e. residual competence. Each state has its own constitution, which, however, must comply with the principles of federal fundamental law. The system of government and administration in the states is largely “written off” from the federal system. Each state has a unicameral legislature; The state governor is the head of government. States have their own judicial system, which operates based on the principles established by the federal constitution.
Brazil has approximately 4,300 municipalities, which are given the right to govern independently in everything that relates to their interests.
Federal territories have their own administrative and judicial organization; they include municipalities. If more than one hundred thousand people live in a federal territory, then it has an elected territorial chamber with advisory functions.
The Brazilian federation is centralist in nature not only because the most important areas of regulation are placed under the jurisdiction of the federal authorities, but also because the latter have fairly broad opportunities to interfere in the affairs of the states. Federal intervention is enshrined in articles 34-36 of the country's basic law. The grounds for intervention are very numerous - from the very specific to the most vague. When using different grounds for introducing a state of federal intervention, different bodies are involved - the Federal Supreme Court, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, the Attorney General of the Republic, etc. - but in all cases, when introducing such a state, the legal and political supremacy of the federation is established over state bodies. Such intervention is an important tool in the hands of the executive branch of the Union, on whose initiative it is being introduced. The institution of intervention in the affairs of municipalities is equally provided for in state constitutions.
